He also says, however, that phenomenology is a method of describing the nature of our perceptual contact with the world. In this sense, we lose or diminish ‘citizenship’; the very essence and power of Communities of Practice, as originally defined by Wenger (1998). When people were describing trust and openness, I believe that, in some instances, this issue took precedent over the issue that I had planned to research. Where first-person meaning is the object of the enquiry, the classical phenomenological methodology may result in an enriched subjective understanding or awareness of the lived experience. They all seem engaged and alert, except for Larry, at the end of the table, who seems bored out of his mind. Critically, where a team or group is exhibiting Groupthink, or else, transmitting negative beliefs between colleagues; there is an apparent lack of personal accountability for achievement of the shared-goal. 189 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<917204C026B0A94EAEA01DB3A8756CC9>]/Index[172 34]/Info 171 0 R/Length 92/Prev 222371/Root 173 0 R/Size 206/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Info: 5476 words (22 pages) Essay Despite the best efforts to keep the project secret however, speculation was rife throughout the organisation – largely due to the number of senior staff who had been rendered unavailable for business-as-usual activity. However, the more that we focus on the end result, and the more detail that we add to our sense of a desired outcome; the fewer options that remain available to us. Philosophical Underpinnings Philosophical Underpinnings. When we introduce ‘management’ to Communities of Practice, we introduce formal measures, structures, roles and inducements. Philosophical underpinnings: According to the Phenomenology of Perception (1945) by Maurice Merleau-Ponty , he views phenomenology as the study of essences, including the essence of perception and of consciousness. Abstract This paper explores the philosophical underpinnings of three major educational research paradigms: scientific, interpretive, and critical. However, upon reflection, I see that – either consciously or unconsciously – I found myself talking to people whom I know to be supportive of me and my work, about this event. This phenomena is partly related to the way the human brain is hardwired to treat incoming data, “…whenever we look at the world we are only too ready to see the world in terms of our existing patterns… This is what makes perception so powerful and so useful. Our research indicates that human beings, when dealing with threatening issues, typically act in ways that inhibit the generation of valid information and that create self-sealing patterns of escalating error” Argyris, et al. “In the final analysis, the right way to do Open Space will be what works for you. Additionally, Cox (2005) questions the applicability of the concept of informal learning communities, to the heavily individualised and tightly managed work of the twenty-first century. ��L� Oa� W/����2��S�)�KЗ�Y�,t8������l�[0�Vp��F��U+{T���Tx*{T��tV8+��Jg���Y�tS��ȶ`0>&. The first section addresses the concept of explanation, from the Sociology. elements of an interpretive phenomenological study and the philosophical tradition. Experience has shown that any individual with a good head and a good heart can achieve satisfactory results. Or would it? p.158). In order to generate shared knowledge, understanding or meaning; we need inter-subjectivity – the sharing of subjective states by multiple individuals (Scheff, et al., 2006). Alternatively, if you are unable to attend, but would like a member of your team to be part of it, feel free to pass on this invitation. This paper explores the features of phenomenology as a research method in relation to its relevance for nursing by first discussing the philosophical underpinnings of the method, and then proceeding to an examination of the features of the method with relation to research design, and data analysis. For this reason, Open Space Technology ‘begins with a question in mind’. As it turned out, a high percentage of these people did ‘volunteer’ their time to contribute to this event. In the interests of integrity with respect to Open Space however, I chose not to intervene or attempt to engineer discussion to the topic at hand. Although, I was conscientious in explaining this during the introduction of the actual event. “Knowledge productivity requires that implicit beliefs and conceptions be challenged and open to external debate in order to become relevant for professional action. They quickly learn that they are in complete disagreement with one another. By the time I’ve returned to my seat, I’ve made a decision: I’m not going to include anything in my report that Larry can use. The exciting thing about this type of learning is that it is situated in the ‘practice’, therefore the benefits of new knowledge and meaning are immediately realised, “Knowledge is created, shared, organized, revised, and passed on within and among these communities. The questions it may answer are: What is phenomenology? Phenomenologists do not believe that knowledge can be qualified or reduced to numbers of statistics (Byrne (2001). Again, this raises questions about the comprehensiveness of the research findings. I think that I could have made this more explicit in the invitation. ?) Members come together and recognise their potential, Members no longer engage very intensely, but the community is still alive as a force and a centre of knowledge, People face similar situations without the benefit of a shared practice, The community is no longer central, but people still remember it as a significant part of their identities, Engaging in joint activities, creating artifacts, adapting to changing circumstances, renewing interest, commitment, and relationships, Exploring connectedness, defining joint enterprise, negotiating community, Staying in touch, communicating, holding reunions, calling for advice, Finding each other, discovering commonalities, Telling stories, preserving artefacts, collecting memorabilia. My invitation therefore included a basic description of the issue that I wanted to invite people to explore and a few high-level questions to give the event further definition. What is also of great importance is that the reader reads, with their own response in mind, in this case meaning I read and note and broaden my awareness of my response to the texts. However, as Crossley (1996) points out, when the object of the enquiry is shared knowledge and/or understanding, this type of reflective process is insufficient, precisely because of the subjectivity involved, “The meaning of certain actions is identified with the plan of the actor, which may well be unavailable to the other. Email, mobile phone, voice mail, text messaging, instant messaging, Sharepoint – also, social networking sites like Facebook and Linkedin, etc. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Both perspectives should not be viewed separately because the philosophical understanding of … How philosophical underpinnings support the method of inquiry to understand the lived world at conscious level? This is a useful framework with which to consider the commencement of a collaborative inquiry. According to phenomenologists (Woodruff Smith, 2008), the central structure of an experience is its... Collaborative Enquiry. endstream endobj 176 0 obj <>stream 3) The justification of cognition – or ‘the process of thought’, which leads to “awareness of a matter itself as disclosed in the most clear, distinct and adequate way for something of its kind” Center for Advanced Phenomenological Research (1997). In collaborative learning communities professionals discuss, study, and construct conceptual principles and ideas. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! H�\��j�@F��{�\���L�����?������+��/���O_H�i�ؙ��jTn��}�'W��C{��;����:�r�1��T,+�����6?�K3�%��)^��4u�ʟ�y���=|�c|,�﹋�Og��ksxt��6��%��-�z��x�B_��[s���Ӟ�������r�E�����}I�v��ulژ�t�E��k��7��EL���b����nrQW^,l1ސ7�yg�Z�l�qE����B���س�G}�\�\�x�x�L~��_���W��:u}|k�+� This is a particular irony because branch staff are wholly reliant upon remote communication technologies for developing and maintaining relationships with colleagues in Head Office and throughout the branch network. This section contains an account of the method that I followed in order to conduct my research. It is relatively easy for a dispassionate reader to spot the hasty assumptions being formulated in this extract. This rejection of the empirical – as the ‘one true source’ of knowledge, is a direct rebuttal of objectivism – the worldview growing from modern natural science and technology that has been spreading from Northern Europe since the Renaissance (Center for Advanced Phenomenological Research,1997); which maintains that the data of ‘sense experience’ are the only object and the supreme criterion of human knowledge (Sauvage, 1911). Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Phenomenology is one of many types of qualitative research that examines the lived experience of humans (Byrne, 2001). It is important to recognize this conflict, avoiding illogical compromise. Both traditions are commonly used in nursing and midwifery research. These ideas conform with Lave and Wenger’s (date) Communities of practice. But I was struck by the following injunction, “… Open Space can only fail for two reasons: if people show up with no passion and/ or if somebody tries to control the process in order to achieve some sort of pre-determined outcome(s).” Herman (1998). 172 0 obj <> endobj Nagel (1974) challenges the over-simplification or ‘reduction’ of the lived experience into convenient or recognisable bites, by arguing that ‘consciousness’ itself – that is to say, the subjective view of what it is like to have a certain type of experience, for instance, to feel love, or pain; or to know what it’s like to feel trusted – is beyond the reach of scientific theory, “Every reductionist has his favourite analogy from modern science. However, the ladder omits the fact that we may also adopt beliefs based on second-hand information – perhaps owing to a particularly persuasive portrayal by somebody of a particular incident; or because a group has developed a high level of cohesion . Larry obviously thinks that I’m incompetent — which is a shame, because these ideas are exactly what his department needs. IPA and Phenomenology IPA seeks to understand the lived experience by integrating the works of four major phenomenological philosophers: Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Sartre to illuminate Phenomenology has attracted growing interest i… The brain can only see what it is prepared to see (existing patterns)” De Bono (1995, p.11). Some of these were inside of my control and some were as a result of issues that, at the time, I could have had little foresight of. Phenomenology • design of enquiry coming from philosophy and psychology in which the researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon as described by participants with description culminating in the essence of the experiences for several individuals who have all experienced a phenomenon. Just an acronym. Are we always selective in our methods of communication – or do we follow habit? Rather, it may be said that the two people are making something in common, i.e. Wenger, E (1998, p?). This paper based on literature review discuss the philosophical stance or underpinning such as epistemology and ontology frameworks of theoretical and philosophical perspectives, which are usually known and referred as a paradigm in the field of research, that we simply identify them as a worldview or a set of assumptions about how things work. In this sense, the inquiry is generated from within the community. According to phenomenologists (Woodruff Smith, 2008), the central structure of an experience is its intentionality; that is to say, “the characteristic of consciousness whereby it is conscious of something – i.e., its directedness toward an object” (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009). The philosophical underpinnings of physical literacy (monism, existentialism, phenomenology) are interwoven dimensions, moving through the lifeworld to create and re-create unique individual perceptions (assemblage). answers to some of the key questions about the phenomenology as a philosophy, a human science and a method of inquiry that it claims. “Fostering co-inquiry within your organization means setting up an environment that feeds creative exchange and collaborative learning.” Palus & Horth (2005, p.5), “Hailed for its utter simplicity — and it’s power, Open Space starts with open-minded leadership, an issue that really matters, and an invitation to co-create something new and amazing. Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight and grounded intuition (Davenport and Prusak, 1998). “Mauthner and Doucet (1998 cited in Elliot 2007) point to the fact that there is not nearly as much written on how to analyse qualitative data as there is on how to collect it. They suggest multiple readings of the transcripts be done to cover plot, the storyteller, relationships and the broader social context. This, I think, has important ramifications for the authenticity of the learning that results. Phenomenology then is aimed at comprehending the structure of various types of human experience, ranging from thought, memory, imagination, emotion, and desire (Woodruff Smith, 2008). Phenomenology is the study of phenomena. * Although the invitation to participate in the Open Space event was open to all staff, very few non-management staff attended. Outline the philosophical underpinnings of phenomenology; Identify the key philosophers involved in its development; Describe the different types of phenomenology; Discuss the role of the researcher undertaking a phenomenological study; Describe the strategies for data generation and analysis The methodology used to generate, or create, shared knowledge and meaning therefore, must give attention to establishing conditions wherein participants are able to enter and contribute as sincere learners. (1985) point out, when multiple individuals commence a share inquiry, from a subjective, rather than an inter-subjective starting-point; the resulting discussion tends to degenerate into a contest of wills, “The validity of inquiring in action is threatened by a variety of defensive routines, including self-censorship and face-saving. Discussion The origins of phenomenology are the writings of Husserl and the advancement of his thoughts by Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, Gadamer and Ricoeur. Throughout the event there was a palpable sense of there being two camps – albeit the ‘those in the know’ camp was significantly the smaller of the two. Open Space is about discovering, or opening to our awareness, possibilities. As Argyris, et al. All work is written to order. They generate and enact new strategies for their work environment, and above all share insights about what they learn (Tillema, 2005), “Collaborative inquiry, or co-inquiry, is the ability to dialogue within and across community boundaries. Owen (1997, p. 20). creating something new together” Bohm (1996, p.3). It’s too bad I have an enemy who’s so prominent in the company.” Senge (1994, p p.243). Probably, this philosophical framework or the theory of subjective reality plays a key role in understanding the actor or the subject regarding a particular event or a phenomena relating to Vol. Phenomenology: Moving from philosophical underpinnings to a practical way of doing; presentation at the University of Newcastle, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Research Week, Newcastle, NSW, 10th August. In such instances, group cohesion and connectivity, can be damaging to the overall ability of a team to achieve its aims, “… the ability of the group to stay connected and informed about each other’s work would be expected to have a positive impact on the group’s level of cohesion, efficacy, and potency. endstream endobj 173 0 obj <>/Metadata 31 0 R/PageLabels 168 0 R/Pages 170 0 R/StructTreeRoot 45 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 174 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 3/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 648.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 175 0 obj <>stream Rather, as Bohm (1996) suggests, this is a process of collaborative creation, “…in a dialogue, each person does not attempt to make common certain ideas or items of information that are already known to him. Phenomenology is commonly understood in either of two ways: as adisciplinary field in philosophy, or as a movement in the history ofphilosophy.The discipline of phenomenology may be defined initially as thestudy of structures of experience, or consciousness. Hermeneutics (/ ˌhɜːrməˈnjuːtɪks /) is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. It involves cycles of action and reflection, and thus promotes learning. “…reaching knowledge productivity in professional learning is to a large extent dependent on the arrangement of learning environments that stimulate professionals to develop, exchange and communicate their knowledge”. %PDF-1.4 %���� This of course is no easy thing – certainly where time is scarce, or where a group is unfamiliar with one another and trust has not yet formed. 4) The belief that, not only objects in the natural and cultural worlds, but also ‘ideal objects’ (e.g. He wouldn’t read it, or, worse still, he’d just use it against me. * The topic of trust and openness coincided, albeit inadvertently, with a major organisational project. This is vital if teams are to rid themselves of out-dated or erroneous assumptions and beliefs, “All too often we are inclined to recapitulate prevalent thinking rather than to search for new directions or redefine our commonly held views and knowledge” Tillema, H. (2006, p.173). However, there are seven widely accepted features of the phenomenological Approach. And whilst I’m comforted that not everybody that I spoke to came to the event, it is impossible to know, of those that did show up, which were genuinely interested in the issue at hand? How can we know that our interpretation is the right one?”. JACKSON: CHOOSING A METHODOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING 50 Every piece of research, every researcher and every context is, in some way, different and a host of factors contributes to interpretation of phenomena as knowledge is constructed but, as Pring (2000:89) suggests, without the explicit formulation of the philosophical It is most unlikely that any of these unrelated examples of successful reduction will shed light on the relation of mind to brain. – that the nature of the interactions would change over time and through experience; as would the strength and value of the connections. (2018). Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. Trust however, results in inter-personal openness, “In all cases, trust was very closely tied to perceptions of organizational openness” Thomas, et al (2009, p.306). He doesn’t ask any questions until I’m almost done, when he breaks in: “I think we should ask for a full report.” In this culture, that typically means, “Let’s move on.” Everyone starts to shuffle their papers and put their notes away. experiences [1,12]. The aim was to outline and explore the interrelationships between each paradigm’s ontology, epistemology, methodology and methods. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. * Yes – My objectives are all individual, I don’t have time to be ‘teamy’ and achieve my objectives. h�bbd```b``�����d�d="�ނ�D0�DrT�ٷ��,X=X6,H2N�b��Ȝ�`�P ����.k�P���F�O ��= Phenomenology: Moving from philosophical underpinnings to a practical way of doing; presentation at the University of Newcastle, School of Nur… But philosophers share the general human weakness for explanations of what is incomprehensible in terms suited for what is familiar and well understood, though entirely different,” Nagel (1974, p. 435). I would argue against any notion that Groupthink is akin to ‘trust’ within teams. This point will be further reviewed in the ‘discussion of research findings’ section (to follow). If you have any further questions about this event, please get in contact with me. The main intention of the chapter is to untangle some of the conceptual threads and coils that make up the web of phenomenology. Four questions that must be answered are: 4. This raises questions about (a) the comprehensiveness of the research findings, (b) the extent to which non-management staff feel empowered to contribute in such an event, and (c) the extent to which non-management staff trust the organisation enough to feel safe enough to self-disclose on such a platform. My method of advertising this event utilised two channels: (1) Posters inside and outside the conference rooms at the two head office sites. We all use a variety of technologies to ‘stay in touch’ with one another, e.g. “For objectivists, the inclination is towards ‘scientific’ methods…these methods ignore the fact that the social world is meaningful to those who live in it, and they (the methods) impose their own, seemingly arbitrary meanings onto it” Crossley (1996, p.74-75). My hypothesis from the beginning of this inquiry has been that; for all of the benefits and convenience that we derive from remote communication technologies, we pay a price in terms of a reduction in trust and openness within our teams. This endeavor is particularly warranted, as the essence of phenomenology is to bring to light what is taken for granted, and yet phenomenological research paradoxically makes … “… groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis.” Wenger, McDermott & Snyder (2002, p.4). Janis, I.L. depicts the fact that, not only do we self-generate beliefs about our environment based on only partial evidence; but that we continuously strive to uphold these beliefs by deselecting contrary information (see ‘the reflexive loop’). However, I’m interested in the impact that these technologies – or rather, the working practices that have evolved alongside them – have on the amount of trust and openness we have within our teams? This chapter illuminates the philosophical underpinnings of phenomenology and identifies two key approaches that have used phenomenological perspectives in particular ways. Phenomenology has evolved into a relatively mature qualitative research methodology during the last decades of the twentieth century largely due to a seismic shift from mainly deductive quantitative research to inductive research. This automatically excluded the majority of the organisation’s branch staff. Knowledge about a system is developed through ‘collegial interaction’, not just from reading about documented processes or policies. * The Open Space event took place at one of the head office buildings. The Philosophical Underpinnings of Educational Research 7 Ontological Assumptions Epistemological Assumptions x Reality is external to the researcher and represented by objects in space. Are we overly reliant upon these technologies? The invitation was open to all staff, irrespective of hierarchy and was worded as an opportunity to contribute to the creation of practical solutions (see below): You’re invited to take part in an inquiry into Trust and Openness in our teams here at YBS. Janis (1972) referred to this dynamic as Groupthink, “…a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action”. (2) A ‘bulletin’ on the organisation’s intranet homepage with a link to the invitation on the organisation’s Learning Management System. For those who are not familiar with its philosophical underpinnings or methodological application, it can seem challenging to apply to HPE scholarship. Argyris’ (1990) ‘Ladder of Inference’ (see fig ?) This occurs only when they can be communicated and shared with others.” Tillema (2005). %%EOF Covey (1998), for instance, made himself and his publishers extremely wealthy by counseling us all to “begin with the end in mind” Covey (1998, p.95). Et al (2000, p.660). Co-inquiry invites loyal skepticism, challenging questions, and a plurality of perspectives.” Palus and Horth (2005, p.5). Tillema, H. (2006, p.174), “Knowledge productivity requires that implicit beliefs and conceptions be challenged and open to external debate in order to become relevant for professional action. Literally,phenomenology is the The importance of fully understanding a methodology and its philosophical underpinnings before using it, or … When viewed in this context, the inquiry is less about an isolated research question, and more about the commencement of an ongoing cross-functional dialogue. Company Registration No: 4964706. Is it not also true that that people who care greatly accomplish incredible things” Owen (1997, p.20). (2) The individual interprets a type of experience by relating it to relevant features in context, (3) The individual analyses the form of a type of experience. As a research method, phenomenology is ‘governed by rigorous processes in data gathering and data analysis’ (Parse 1995, p. 13). A Knowledge Framework for the Philosophical Underpinnings of Research: Implications for Music Therapy Bill Matney, Ph.D, MT-BC. For me, Shaw (2002) crystalises the proposition of phenomenology when she (2002, p. 130) asks, “what happens when spontaneity, unpredictability and our capacity to be surprised by ourselves are not explained away but kept at the very heart of an account of the evolution of sense-of-self-in-the-world?” In other words, phenomenology is the art of extracting meaning from the complex mesh of ideas, feelings, interpretations, etc; that make up our lived experience. This point helps to define the ‘open’ in Open Space. At that point, only certain employees were privy to the details of the project and they had each signed a confidentiality agreement. Clearly, Larry is a power-hungry jerk.

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