In the house made of the evening light[49], The ceremonial leader proceeds by asking the Holy People to be present in the beginning of the ceremony, then identifying the patient with the power of the spirit-being, and describing the patient's transformation to renewed health with lines such as, "Happily I recover. There, they developed a vibrant culture, complete with its own language, belief system, and lifestyle. On November 21, 1846, following an invitation from a small party of American soldiers under the command of Captain John Reid, who journeyed deep into Navajo country and contacted him, Narbona and other Navajo negotiated a treaty of peace with Colonel Alexander Doniphan at Bear Springs, Ojo del Oso (later the site of Fort Wingate). Rancher Bennett, whose horse was allegedly stolen, told Kerr that his horses were stolen by the three whites to catch a horse thief. 1500. The Navajo A Brief History: According to scientists who study different cultures, the first Navajo lived in western Canada some one thousand years ago. Navajo interactions with Pueblo tribes were recorded at least as early as the 17th century, when refugees from some of the Rio Grande pueblos came to the Navajo after the Spanish suppression of the Pueblo Revolt. Before we talk about the history of Navajo turquoise jewelry specifically, you should know some basic facts about the stone itself. National Archives. In this world the Navajo settle in Diné Bikéyah, the Navajo homeland, bound by the four sacred mountains. Introduction. This allowed artisans to create high-quality, warm, and water-resistant items that were popular for trade. Navahu comes from the Tewa language, meaning a large area of cultivated lands. Navajos also have several types of hogans for lodging and ceremonial use. 19 History and Facts of the Navajo Code Talkers - Vintagetopia. PHASE 1: Limited Doses Available . Some also speak Plains Sign Talk itself. "[35] The long-term result was strong Navajo opposition to Collier's Indian New Deal. B. Moore); oriental and Persian styles (almost always with natural dyes); "Wide Ruins", "Chinlee", banded geometric patterns; "Klagetoh", diamond-type patterns; "Red Mesa" and bold diamond patterns. Some are maintained specifically for ceremonial purposes. In cases of marital separation, women would maintain the property and children. In 1868, the Treaty of Bosque Redondo was negotiated between Navajo leaders and the federal government allowing the surviving Navajo to return to a reservation on a portion of their former homeland. Being familiar with the traits that define turquoise will inevitably help you to imagine and understand why the Navajo people of times gone by found it so alluring, and also why turquoise is still revered by virtually all cultures to this day. They later began herding sheep and goats. The completion of the railroads dramatically changed Navajo weaving. HISTORY Long Walk - Hwé​eldi Baa Hane'. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [14], In 1849, the military governor of New Mexico, Colonel John MacRae Washington—accompanied by John S. Calhoun, an Indian agent—led a force of 400 soldiers into Navajo country, penetrating Canyon de Chelly. [clarification needed] In multiple interviews, subjects recalled being captured and disciplined by the Siláo if they tried to run away. Around 500 years ago, they made their home the American Southwest. In 1863, Carleton ordered Carson to use the same tactics on the Navajo. In 1997, Welsh author Eirug Wyn published the Welsh-language novel "I Ble'r Aeth Haul y Bore?" Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Navajo Nation said it will vaccinate priority populations before vaccinating the general public as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These included "Two Gray Hills" (predominantly black and white, with traditional patterns); Teec Nos Pos (colorful, with very extensive patterns); "Ganado" (founded by Don Lorenzo Hubbell[57]), red-dominated patterns with black and white; "Crystal" (founded by J. Navajo, also spelled Navaho, second most populous of all Native American peoples in the United States, with some 300,000 individuals in the early 21st century, most of them living in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. Navajo men and women also continued the tradition of volunteering for the armed services at a high rate, perhaps as an expression of a cultural ethic that emphasizes both personal competence and community. [10][11] In addition, women began to spin and weave wool into blankets and clothing; they created items of highly valued artistic expression, which were also traded and sold. The code talkers played a key role in the United States ’ victory over Japan . But Rough Rock Day School was run in the same militaristic style as Fort Defiance and did not implement the educational reforms. [20] During this period, Chief Manuelito founded the Navajo Tribal Police. His daughter has continued the novel series after his death. The Navajo Reservation, the largest in the country, sprawls across the upper northeast corner of Arizona and into parts of New Mexico and Utah. The oldest surviving Navajo rug is a so-called Massacre Cave blanket, dated to around 1804, when a group of Navajo people seeking refuge in the holy cave, Canyon de Chelley, were shot and killed by the Spanish. There is a system of clans which defines relationships between individuals and families. The War Department in 1940 rejected a proposal by the BIA that segregated units be created for the Indians. The museum was founded to preserve the religion and traditions of the Navajo, which Klah was sure would otherwise soon be lost forever. In many ways, he worked to reform government relations with the Native American tribes, but the reduction program was devastating for the Navajo, for whom their livestock was so important. The Federal government believed that land erosion was worsening in the area and the only solution was to reduce the number of livestock. In other ceremonies there were simply prayers or songs, and dry paintings might be made of pollen and flower petals. Navajo language, North American Indian language of the Athabascan family, spoken by the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico and closely related to Apache.Navajo is a tone language, meaning that pitch helps distinguish words. In 1887, citizens Palmer, Lockhart, and King fabricated a charge of horse stealing and randomly attacked a dwelling on the reservation. Here are some fascinating facts about this beautiful canyon and piece of Navajo history: The canyon has a wave-like structure that gives it a unique look and, along with the canyon’s glorious light beams, makes Antelope the most-photographed slot canyon in the southwestern United States. Code talkers didn’t speak plain language in… More than three-quarters of the enrolled Navajo population resides in these two states.[3]. The Navajo Indians in Utah reside on a reservation of more than 1,155,000 acres in the southeastern corner of the state. [citation needed]. It is known that many more Navajos volunteered to become code talkers than could be accepted; however, an undetermined number of other Navajos served as Marines in the war, but not as code talkers. After several failed treaties, the U.S. [59], In the final episode of the third season of the FX reality TV show 30 Days, the show's producer Morgan Spurlock spends thirty days living with a Navajo family on their reservation in New Mexico. The Navajo originally belonged to a group called the Athapaskans who resided in western Canada. Western historians believe that the Spanish before 1600 referred to the Navajo as Apaches or Quechos. Cheap blankets were imported, so Navajo weavers shifted their focus to weaving rugs for an increasingly non-Native audience. Navajo Culture. The two major ceremonial cycles have two b… [21] In the same year, Lt. Lockett, with the aid of 42 enlisted soldiers, was joined by Lt. Holomon at Navajo Springs. Prior to that, Spider Rock in Canyon de Chelly and The Totem Pole in Monument Valley were closed in 1962. For example, the Navajo code talkers of World War II—Marines who used their native language to foil enemy monitoring of vital communications—played a definitive role in winning the war (and saved countless lives) by maintaining crucial radio contact on the battlefield. At the end of the 20th century there were almost 270,000 Navajo. The Navajo used coarse and rough tools for manufacturing jewelry before they were given tools from traders and other cultures, playing an important role in turquoise history. It also featured exhibits to express the beauty, dignity, and logic of Navajo religion. The reservation straddles the Four Corners region and covers more than 27,000 square miles (70,000 square km) of land in Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. [17], However, not all the Navajo came in or were found. Believed to have been born to Earth centuries earlier, a distinctive Navajo culture takes hold in the Four … Navajo music is music made by Navajos, mostly hailing from the Four Corners region of the Southwestern United States and the territory of the Navajo Nation.While it traditionally takes the shape of ceremonial chants and echoes themes found in Diné Bahaneʼ, contemporary Navajo music includes a wide range of genres, ranging from country music to rock and rap, performed in both English and Navajo It is a repository for sound recordings, manuscripts, paintings, and sandpainting tapestries of the Navajos. Interesting Navajo Facts: The Navajo originally lived in hogans, which were cone-shaped buildings made of wooden poles and tree bark and clay. The Navajos call themselves Diné.[41]. [33], The Navajo did not understand why their centuries-old practices of raising livestock should change. The Navajo Code Talkers played a significant role in USMC history. Their patriotism and honor inevitably earned them the respect of all Americans. Some Navajo favor their Explore Section. From then into the early 21st century, the U.S. allowed mining without sufficient environmental protection for workers, waterways, and land. ", Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, "Census: Navajo enrollment tops 300,000. More-complex rites involve a specialist who is paid according to the complexity and length of the ceremonial. Once the children arrived at the boarding school, their lives changed dramatically. [25] Many older Navajo were against this education and would hide their children to keep them from being taken. [16], During the next 10 years, the U.S. established forts on traditional Navajo territory. Many have naturally been lost to time, but some artifacts fell from the hands of their owners due to political/social injustices and tragic upheaval. But economic conflicts with non-Navajos continued for many years as civilians and companies exploited resources assigned to the Navajo. The Navajo believes that the Yei Spirit mediates between humans and the Great Spirit and are believed to control elements such as the rain, snow, wind and sun and control the night and day. Code talkers didn’t speak plain language in… They called themselves "Dine" or "the People". [27], This report was the precursor to education reforms initiated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, under which two new schools were built on the Navajo reservation. Some of its many traditions relate the emergence of the first people from various worlds beneath the surface of the earth; other stories explain the origins and purposes of numerous rites and ceremonies. Navajo Indian tribe history can be traced to prehistoric times. The Diné believed in two classes of people: Earth People and Holy People. Capt. It is considered to be immoral and/or stealing if one does not provide for the other in that premarital or marital relationship. He signed a treaty with two Navajo leaders: Mariano Martinez as Head Chief and Chapitone as Second Chief. Meat became an essential component of the Navajo diet. [citation needed], Navajo spiritual practice is about restoring balance and harmony to a person's life to produce health and is based on the ideas of Hózhóójí. COVID-19 vaccine phases. [60], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}36°11′13″N 109°34′25″W / 36.1869°N 109.5736°W / 36.1869; -109.5736, Native American people of the United States, For the Dene people native to northern Canada, see, For example, the Great Canadian Parks website suggests the Navajo may be descendants of the lost Naha tribe, a. George Bornstein, "The Fearing Time: Telling the tales of Indian slavery in American history", Ford, "September 30, 1887 Letter to Acting Assistant General," District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona. Because different Navajo words might be translated into different English words for the same letter, the messages were extremely difficult to decode. As time passed, many of the Athapaskans migrated southward and some settled along the Pacific Ocean. Training Day: Navajos from the 1st Marine Division were pivotal to the war effort in the Pacific Theater. The code talkers played a key role in the United States ’ victory over Japan . It was written in response to an earlier film, The Navajo Boy which was somewhat exploitative of those Navajos involved. Although Native Americans were not granted citizenship until 1924, Navajos have a proud history of wartime service in the twentieth century. The language is related to the Apache language. What was the religion and beliefs of the Navajo tribe?The religion and beliefs of the Navaho tribe was based on Animism that encompassed the spiritual or religious idea that the universe and all natural objects animals, plants, trees, rivers, mountains rocks etc have souls or spirits. During World War II, Navajo played a major part in winning the war in the Pacific by developing a code based on the Navajo language that proved impossible for the Japanese to break. During World War II, Navajo played a major part in winning the war in the Pacific by developing a code based on the Navajo language that proved impossible for the Japanese to break. [23], In 1890, a local rancher refused to pay the Navajo a fine of livestock. Carleton believed these harsh tactics would bring any Indian Tribe under control. In 2000 the documentary The Return of Navajo Boy was shown at the Sundance Film Festival. [41], Neither sex can live without the other in the Navajo culture. Military records cite this development as a precautionary measure to protect citizens and the Navajo from each other. At more than 300,000 enrolled tribal members as of 2015[update],[1][2] the Navajo Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in the U.S. (the Cherokee Nation being the second largest) the Navajo Nation has the largest reservation in the country. The Navajo are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. Navajo government has developed into the biggest and most sophisticated kind of American Indian government. [45] One half of major Navajo song ceremonial complex is the Blessing Way (Hózhǫ́ǫ́jí) and other half is the Enemy Way (Anaʼí Ndááʼ). [55] The Navajo silversmiths also borrowed the "naja" (najahe in Navajo)[56] symbol to shape the silver pendant that hangs from the "squash blossom" necklace. Print Navajo Lesson for Kids: History & Facts Worksheet 1. Navajo History - Long before the theory of the 'land bridge from Asia to North America across the Bering Strait', Navajo elders told their own story about their own origin. In some cases there were public dances and exhibitions at which hundreds or thousands of Navajo gathered. The Navajo Indians in Utah reside on a reservation of more than 1,155,000 acres in the southeastern corner of the state. Brief account: The name Navajo Language Academy is fairly new, but the group it represents has worked together since the early 1970s to further the goals of Navajo… The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the U.S. Far more Native Americans in the U.S. speak Navajo than other native languages. [44], Those who practice the Navajo religion regard the hogan as sacred. The result of these boarding schools led to much language loss within the Navajo Nation. Article by vintagetopia. These Chief's Blankets, so called because only chiefs or very wealthy individuals could afford them, were characterized by horizontal stripes and minimal patterning in red. In 1937, Boston heiress Mary Cabot Wheelright and Navajo singer and medicine man Hastiin Klah founded the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian in Santa Fe. The Navajo tried to collect it, and whites in southern Colorado and Utah claimed that 9,000 of the Navajo were on a warpath. As they learned weaving and knitting clothes were also made of cloth and wool. In general, the land north of the San Juan River was considered—not only by the Utes, but by other American Indians as well—to be Ute territory. Kit Carson to subdue them. William R. Wilson February 1997 . Men and women are seen as contemporary equals as both a male and female are needed to reproduce. Another important Navajo artistic tradition, the creation of silver jewelry, dates from the middle of the 19th century and was probably first learned from Mexican smiths. The internment at Bosque Redondo was disastrous for the Navajo, as the government failed to provide an adequate supply of water, wood, provisions, and livestock for the 4,000–5,000 people. Many of these rites are still performed. Educators found the Evangelical Missionary School curriculum to be much more beneficial for the Navajo children.[28]. It operated between 1872 and 1875 as an anti-raid task force working to maintain the peaceful terms of the 1868 Navajo treaty. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navajo-people, Utah Division of State History - I love History - The Navajos, Navajo - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Navajo - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The Native American Navajo tribe is one of the largest tribes of American Indians. The Japanese were unable to understand or decode it. However, the Spanish/Mexican-Navajo pattern of raids and expeditions continued. Most Navajo members today live in apartments and houses in urban areas. Tony Hillerman wrote a series of detective novels whose detective characters were members of the Navajo Tribal Police. According to Navajo traditional beliefs, the Navajo came into the world, which they call "the glittering world," after passing through three other worlds. Navajos made their hogans in the traditional fashion until the 1900s, when they started to make them in hexagonal and octagonal shapes. These achievements of the Navajo Code Talkers have resulted in an honorable chapter in USMC history. Although women may carry a bigger burden, fertility is so highly valued that males are expected to provide economic resources (known as bride wealth). The Navajo Nation extends into the states of Utah , Arizona and New Mexico , covering over 27,000 square miles of unparalleled beauty. The first Spaniards to visit the region wrote about seeing Navajo blankets. Interesting Navajo Facts: The Navajo originally lived in hogans, which were cone-shaped buildings made of wooden poles and tree bark and clay. When Klah met Cabot in 1921, he had witnessed decades of efforts by the US government and missionaries to assimilate the Navajos into mainstream society. The Apache language is closely related to the Navajo language; the Navajo and Apache are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, where the majority of Athabaskan speakers reside. (9780862434359) | Eirug Wyn | Y Lolfa", Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377 The Navajo and Richard Henry Pratt, Navajo people: history, culture, language, art, Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo&oldid=1006583528, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2019, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. There were no access problems for the first 30 years of its climbing history but a tragic accident that resulted in a death in late March 1970 caused the Navajo Nation to ban rock climbing not only on Ship Rock but on all Navajo lands. By the 18th century the Navajos had begun to import Bayeta red yarn to supplement local black, grey, and white wool, as well as wool dyed with indigo. The name "Navajo" comes from the Spanish who called them the Apaches of Navajo. Children are "born to" and belong to the mother's clan, and are "born for" the father's clan. Diné Bikéyah (pronounced as Din'eh Bi'KAY'ah ), or Navajoland is unique because the people here have... Navajo Nation Government. In 1930 the Navajo grazed 1,100,000 mature sheep units. Many Navajo continue to live in the area they settled centuries ago; in the early 21st century their reservation and government-allotted lands in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah totaled more than 24,000 square miles (64,000 square km). Navajo is one of the oldest tribes in the world. The Navajo gained firsthand experience with how they could assimilate into the modern world, and many did not return to the overcrowded reservation, which had few jobs. 1865. 1910. General Scott arrived, and with the help of Henry Chee Dodge, a leader among the Navajo, defused the situation. [13]:2–4 Fray Geronimo de Zarate-Salmeron, who was in Jemez in 1622, used Apachu de Nabajo in the 1620s to refer to the people in the Chama Valley region, east of the San Juan River and northwest of present-day Santa Fe, New Mexico. [25] The children were under militaristic discipline, run by the Siláo. Navajos believe that the Holy People who originated with First Man and First Woman, made baskets for ceremonial purposes. They belonged to an American Indian group called the Athapaskans and they called themselves "Dine" or "The People". During the time on the reservation, the Navajo tribe was forced to assimilate to white society. A Navajo code talker using a radio to relay information during World War II. Enlarge. Being familiar with the traits that define turquoise will inevitably help you to imagine and understand why the Navajo people of times gone by found it so alluring, and also why turquoise is still revered by virtually all cultures to this day. The Emergence of the First Man and Woman. The Navajo language is spoken throughout the region, and most Navajo also speak English. The Navajo Code Talkers created messages by first translating Navajo words into English, then using the first letter of each English word to decipher the meaning. Carson and his force swept through Navajo land, killing Navajo and destroying crops and dwellings, fouling wells, and capturing livestock. They refused to surrender to the agent, and local law enforcement and military refused the agent's request for an armed engagement. In maintaining these disparate traditions, the Navajo have been cultural innovators. Animate nouns may be “speakers” (humans) or “callers” (plants and animals); inanimate nouns may be corporeal or spiritual. Because the world was so dark, life could not thrive there and they had to move on. They were originally hunters and gathers until they m… Scott," June 22, 1887 letter to Acting Assistant General," District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona, Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Navajo Opposition to the Indian New Deal. The Enemy Way, or Evil Way ceremonies are concerned with counteracting influences that come from outside the Dine. There, they developed a vibrant culture, complete with its own language, belief system, and lifestyle. They lived in the Southwest in areas that are today Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. Their story has everything – danger, espionage, patriotism, war! They killed Navajo warriors, captured women and children for slaves, and destroyed crops and dwellings. Each Navajo went through basic bootcamp at Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego before being assigned to Field Signal Battalion training at Camp Pendleton. Some lived near the San Juan River, some beyond the Hopi villages, and others lived with Apache bands.[18]. A Brief History of Navajo Art. Navajo Indian Fact Sheet Native American Facts For Kids was written for young people learning about the Navajo Indian tribe for school or home-schooling reports. As part of their traditional economy, Navajo groups may have formed trading or raiding parties, traveling relatively long distances. NAVAJO WARNAVAJO WAR. Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Peleliu, Iwo Jima: the Navajo code talkers took part in every assault the U.S. Corn is a symbol of fertility in Navajo culture as they eat white corn in the wedding ceremonies. The religious song "The Blessingway" (hózhǫ́ǫ́jí) describes the first hogan as being built by Coyote with help from Beavers to be a house for First Man, First Woman, and Talking God. [30] Under various forms it continued into the 1950s. ", "Gendered Injustice: Navajo Livestock Reduction in the New Deal Era", "Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site", "I Ble'r Aeth Haul y Bore? Nouns are either animate or inanimate. … This report discussed Indian boarding schools as being inadequate in terms of diet, medical services, dormitory overcrowding, undereducated teachers, restrictive discipline, and manual labor by the students to keep the school running. 1863. [31] They were united in opposition but they were unable to stop it. The Blessing Way ceremonies are based on establishing "peace, harmony, and good things exclusively" within the Dine. Twenty Navajo chiefs asked for peace. The Navajos' hallmark jewelry piece called the "squash blossom" necklace first appeared in the 1880s. One of them, the Night Chant ceremony, is conducted over several days and involves up to 24 dancers. Pueblo artistic influences drew Navajo people to adopt painted pottery and weaving; Navajo rugs are particularly fine examples of this art form. Navajo clothing was originally made of deer hide. Diné Bikéyah, or Navajoland, is larger than 10 of the 50 states in America. Prev: 1863. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. Navajo Supreme Court justices questioning counsel during a hearing. The novels are noted for incorporating details about Navajo culture, and in some cases expand focus to include nearby Hopi and Zuni characters and cultures, as well. The Navajo code talkers were U.S. Marines who created and used a code to keep military secrets during World War II . [48] Spiritual healing ceremonies are rooted in Navajo traditional stories. In May 1805 another peace was established. In the Diné Bahane' (Navajo beliefs about creation), the First, or Dark World is where the four Diyin Diné lived and where First Woman and First Man came into existence. In fact, the commercialization of rugs and blankets is still a driving economic force in the Navajo community. The Navajo positioned their doors to face the east as they believe this positioning brings good blessings. After the Cherokee, they are the country’s second largest Native American tribe. Navajo accounts of this school portray it as having a family-like atmosphere with home-cooked meals, new or gently used clothing, humane treatment, and a Navajo-based curriculum. Historical evidence suggests that the ancestors of the Apaches Navajos tribes might have migrated to the Southwest United States in the early 15th century. Traditional Navajo society was organized through matrilineal kinship; small, independent bands of related kin generally made decisions on a consensus basis. In the matrilineal and matrilocal world of the Navajo, women were especially hurt, as many lost their only source of income with the reduction of livestock herds. [citation needed], In 1913, an Indian agent ordered a Navajo and his three wives to come in, and then arrested them for having a plural marriage. As a matter of fact, the Navajo people are still trying to get back many of their significant, invaluable artifacts. The United States, on its part, promised "such donations [and] such other liberal and humane measures, as [it] may deem meet and proper. First, we must explain what a code talker is. They were the Navajo Code Talkers. Similar patterns of peace-making, raiding, and trading among the Navajo, Spanish, Apache, Comanche, and Hopi continued until the arrival of Americans in 1846. Receiving the vaccine is voluntary. This agreement was not honored by some Navajo, nor by some New Mexicans. The Navajo (DINE') creation is the story of their origin through a series of emergences through a series of different colored worlds. Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito (editors) (1940). Newspaper Rock Petroglyphs via Wikimedia Commons. The Navajo recounts that the emergence of the first man woman and the first world to the fourth world or the present world we live today. [13]:43–50 The Spanish, Navajo and Hopi continued to trade with each other and formed a loose alliance to fight Apache and Commanche bands for the next twenty years.

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